k, for my issue, it's mostly resolved:
http://wordpress.org/support/topic/caching-plugins-and-responsive-design-code-in-template-files
bcwint00, someone should correct me if I'm wrong, but as I understand caching, it saves a static version of an otherwise dynamically generated page. Before you say, "Well, d'uh," I myself hadn't taken the next mental step 'till yesterday to realize that means you can't carve out a section to say "but don't cache this". It's all or nothing.
That said, for your Recent Posts question, it may not be a big deal. Again I might be misunderstanding the way things work, but I believe the default in W3TC is for things to be cached for only three minutes. (Check out this page on your site: /wp-admin/admin.php?page=w3tc_objectcache.) Visitor #1 comes to your page at time = 0; that version of the page is cached. Visitor #2 comes to your page at time = 60 seconds; that visitor is served the cached page. Visitor #3 comes to your page at time = 181 seconds; that visitor gets the page served brand new. So unless you have a ton of traffic and are constantly publishing new posts, it seems like it shouldn't be an issue.